The IELTS Academic test is designed to assess the English language proficiency needed for academic and professional settings. It evaluates four key skills: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. The Listening and Speaking sections are consistent across both Academic and General Training versions, while the Reading and Writing sections differ in content and focus, tailored to academic contexts. The test format includes multiple question types, such as multiple-choice, matching, and essay writing, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of language abilities.
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Pedagogy (teaching method) | The way teachers teach students. |
| Curriculum (syllabus) | The subjects and topics taught in school or college. |
| Didactic (instructive) | Something meant to teach, especially in a moral or serious way. |
| Cognitive development (mental growth) | How a student’s brain learns and understands things. |
| Experiential learning (hands-on learning) | Learning by doing real-life activities, not just reading or listening. |
| Assessment criteria (evaluation standards) | The rules or points used to check a student’s work. |
| Formative assessment (ongoing feedback) | Tests or tasks during a course to help improve learning. |
| Summative assessment (final evaluation) | Tests or exams at the end of a course. |
| Academic rigor (strictness in studies) | High standards in teaching and learning. |
| Holistic education (whole-person learning) | Teaching that focuses on body, mind, and emotions, not just exams. |
| Vocational training (job-focused education) | Learning skills for a specific job or career. |
| Differentiated instruction (tailored teaching) | Teaching methods that match each student’s needs. |
| Interdisciplinary approach (cross-subject learning) | Learning by connecting ideas from different subjects. |
| Educational equity (fair learning chance) | Making sure all students get equal chances in learning. |
| Learning autonomy (independent learning) | When students take charge of their own learning. |
| Lifelong learning (continuous education) | Learning throughout your whole life. |
| Standardized testing (uniform exam) | Tests that are the same for all students. |
| Academic integrity (honesty in study) | Not cheating or copying in school or university. |
| Inclusive education (learning for all) | Education that includes everyone, even those with special needs. |
| Metacognition (thinking about thinking) | Being aware of how you learn and think. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Intermodal transportation (multi-modal transport, combined transport, integrated transit) | Using more than one type of transportation (like truck + train) to move people or goods. |
| Congestion pricing (traffic tolling, peak-hour charges, road pricing) | A system of charging drivers more money to use roads during busy hours to reduce traffic. |
| Aviation footprint (air travel emissions, carbon trail, airline pollution) | The environmental damage caused by flying in airplanes. |
| Transport infrastructure (transit facilities, mobility framework, travel network) | The roads, bridges, railways, and other systems that help people and goods move around. |
| Modal shift (transportation switch, travel mode change, transit transition) | When people or companies change from one way of traveling (like cars) to another (like trains). |
| Urban sprawl (city spread, suburban expansion, metropolitan growth) | The rapid spreading of cities into the countryside, often making travel longer. |
| Sustainable mobility (eco-friendly travel, green commuting, low-impact transport) | Traveling in a way that is good for the environment, like biking or using electric buses. |
| Commuter fatigue (travel tiredness, daily journey stress, transit exhaustion) | Tiredness or stress caused by long or difficult daily travel. |
| Vehicle automation (driverless technology, autonomous driving, self-driving systems) | Technology that allows cars to drive themselves without needing a human driver. |
| Traffic bottleneck (roadblock, congestion point, traffic choke point) | A spot on a road where too many vehicles slow down or stop because the road is too narrow or busy. |
| Carbon offsetting (emissions balancing, eco-compensation, pollution countering) | Doing something environmentally friendly (like planting trees) to cancel out pollution from travel. |
| Mass transit (public transport, communal commuting, large-scale transit) | Transportation systems like buses, trains, and subways that move many people at once. |
| Last-mile delivery (final leg distribution, end-route shipment, doorstep logistics) | The final step of moving a product or passenger to its destination, usually the most difficult. |
| Overtourism (tourist saturation, travel overcrowding, visitor overflow) | When too many tourists visit a place, damaging the environment or local culture. |
| Transit desert (mobility gap, transport void, commuting dead zone) | An area where people have no easy access to public transportation. |
| High-speed rail (bullet train, fast rail system, rapid transit rail) | A train system that moves passengers much faster than normal trains. |
| Jet lag (time zone fatigue, body clock confusion, circadian disruption) | Feeling tired and confused after long flights due to changing time zones. |
| Eco-tourism (green travel, sustainable tourism, low-impact tourism) | Traveling to natural areas in a way that helps protect the environment and supports local people. |
| Transport equity (mobility fairness, access equality, transit justice) | Making sure everyone has fair and equal access to travel options, no matter their income or location. |
| Fleet electrification (EV conversion, green fleet shift, battery-powered transit) | Changing vehicles (like buses and trucks) from gas to electric power to reduce pollution. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Recidivism (reoffending, repeated offending, criminal relapse) | When a person commits a crime again after being punished or released from prison. |
| Restorative justice (rehabilitative justice, reconciliatory system, offender-victim mediation) | A system where criminals make amends directly to the people they harmed. |
| Incarceration (imprisonment, confinement, detention) | The act of putting someone in prison as punishment for a crime. |
| Retribution (revenge, punishment, penalty) | Punishment given to someone as payback for a crime they committed. |
| White-collar crime (corporate crime, financial fraud, economic offense) | Non-violent crimes committed by professionals, often involving money or business. |
| Due process (fair trial, legal procedure, judicial fairness) | The legal rules that ensure a person is treated fairly in court. |
| Forensic evidence (scientific proof, crime scene data, DNA analysis) | Clues like fingerprints or blood that help solve crimes using science. |
| Capital punishment (death penalty, execution, state killing) | Punishment where a person is legally killed for committing a very serious crime. |
| Plea bargaining (sentence deal, charge negotiation, legal agreement) | An agreement where the accused pleads guilty to a lesser charge to get a lighter sentence. |
| Criminal profiling (offender analysis, suspect modeling, behavioral profiling) | Studying behavior and evidence to guess what kind of person committed a crime. |
| Cybercrime (online crime, digital offense, computer-based crime) | Crimes that happen through the internet or using computers. |
| Vigilantism (self-justice, citizen enforcement, unofficial policing) | When people take the law into their own hands instead of letting police handle it. |
| Juvenile delinquency (youth crime, teenage offending, minor misconduct) | Crimes committed by children or teenagers. |
| Rehabilitation (reform, recovery program, re-education) | Helping someone who committed a crime to live a better, lawful life. |
| Community service (public duty, unpaid work, civic penalty) | Work someone is ordered to do without pay to make up for a crime, instead of going to jail. |
| Probation (supervised release, conditional freedom, monitored liberty) | A time when someone who committed a crime is allowed to stay out of jail but is watched closely. |
| Affirmative defense (justification plea, legal excuse, valid defense) | A legal reason given by someone to show they should not be punished. |
| Habeas corpus (right to a trial, court order, legal protection) | A legal right that says a person must be brought to court to see if they are being lawfully held. |
| Exoneration (clearing of guilt, legal pardon, innocence declaration) | When someone is officially found not guilty of a crime they were blamed for. |
| Indictment (formal charge, criminal accusation, legal complaint) | A formal statement saying someone is being charged with a serious crime. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Capital expenditure (investment spending, asset acquisition, fixed asset outlay) | Money a company spends to buy or improve buildings, machines, or equipment. |
| Profit margin (net earnings ratio, return on sales, income spread) | The amount of money a business keeps as profit after paying all expenses. |
| Asset diversification (portfolio variety, investment mix, risk spreading) | Investing in different things to reduce the risk of losing money. |
| Monetary policy (interest rate control, central banking strategy, financial regulation) | How a government or bank manages money supply and interest rates to control the economy. |
| Market volatility (price fluctuation, financial instability, economic uncertainty) | How quickly and unpredictably prices or values in the market change. |
| Liquidity (cash availability, asset convertibility, immediate funds) | How easily something can be turned into cash. |
| Debt financing (loan funding, credit borrowing, liability raising) | Raising money for a business by borrowing it, often through loans or bonds. |
| Equity stake (ownership share, capital interest, shareholder portion) | The part of a company that someone owns in the form of shares. |
| Initial Public Offering (IPO) (stock launch, market debut, company flotation) | The first time a company sells its shares to the public. |
| Fiscal responsibility (budget discipline, financial accountability, economic prudence) | Managing money wisely and avoiding waste or debt. |
| Consumer spending (buyer expenditure, household outlay, personal consumption) | The money people spend on goods and services. |
| Corporate governance (business control, management oversight, board supervision) | The rules and practices that guide how a company is run. |
| Economic downturn (recession, financial decline, economic slump) | A period when the economy is doing badly, and businesses and jobs are affected. |
| Scalability (growth potential, expandability, capacity for increase) | The ability of a business to grow without losing quality or performance. |
| Inflation rate (price rise percentage, cost-of-living increase, currency devaluation) | How much prices for goods and services go up over time. |
| Outsourcing (external contracting, third-party services, offshore labor) | Hiring another company to do tasks instead of doing them in-house. |
| Revenue stream (income source, earning channel, financial inflow) | A way through which a business earns money regularly. |
| Benchmarking (performance comparison, best practice review, standard measurement) | Comparing a company’s work or results to others to find ways to improve. |
| Market saturation (full customer reach, product oversupply, consumer exhaustion) | When almost everyone who wants a product already has it, making growth difficult. |
| Competitive edge (market advantage, business lead, strategic benefit) | Something that makes a business better than others in its field. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Disruptive technology (game-changing tech, radical innovation, breakthrough solution) | A new technology that changes the way an industry works by replacing older methods. |
| Digital transformation (tech-driven change, modernization, IT overhaul) | Using technology to completely change how a business or system works. |
| Artificial intelligence (AI) (machine intelligence, smart automation, cognitive computing) | Computer systems that can learn, think, and make decisions like humans. |
| Blockchain (distributed ledger, digital chain, decentralized database) | A secure and transparent way to record transactions, often used in cryptocurrencies. |
| Cloud computing (remote data storage, online hosting, virtual servers) | Storing and accessing data and programs over the internet instead of on your computer. |
| Cybersecurity (digital protection, information security, online safety) | Measures to protect computers, networks, and data from unauthorized access or attacks. |
| Machine learning (algorithm training, automated pattern recognition, predictive modeling) | A type of AI where computers learn from data to improve their performance without being directly programmed. |
| Big data (massive datasets, large-scale information, complex analytics) | Very large sets of information that can be analyzed to find patterns or trends. |
| Internet of Things (IoT) (smart devices network, connected objects, embedded technology) | Everyday objects connected to the internet that can collect and share data. |
| Quantum computing (superfast computing, quantum processing, next-gen technology) | An advanced form of computing that uses quantum physics to solve complex problems quickly. |
| Tech ecosystem (innovation environment, digital landscape, interconnected platforms) | A network of related technology products, companies, and users that work together. |
| Automation (robotic control, system mechanization, automatic operation) | Using machines and software to do tasks without human help. |
| Digital literacy (tech fluency, online competency, computer knowledge) | Being able to use technology and digital tools effectively. |
| Augmented reality (AR) (interactive overlay, enhanced view, mixed reality) | Technology that adds digital information to the real world using a screen or headset. |
| Data privacy (information protection, personal data security, confidentiality rights) | Keeping people’s personal information safe and controlling how it is used. |
| Fintech (financial technology, digital banking tools, modern finance systems) | Technology used to improve financial services and make them more efficient. |
| Open-source software (public code, free development platform, collaborative tech) | Software that anyone can use, change, and share because its code is publicly available. |
| User interface (UI) (screen layout, design interaction, front-end experience) | The way users interact with software or a device visually and physically. |
| Digital footprint (online trail, internet presence, cyber record) | The record of all your activities and information on the internet. |
| Innovation pipeline (future development stream, product rollout, new idea process) | The series of steps a company takes to create and launch new technology or products. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Ecological degradation (environmental decline, ecosystem damage, natural deterioration) | The gradual destruction of natural environments caused by human or natural factors. |
| Carbon footprint (emissions total, pollution output, greenhouse gas trail) | The amount of carbon dioxide a person or activity adds to the atmosphere. |
| Sustainable development (eco-friendly progress, green growth, long-term environmental planning) | Development that meets current needs without harming future generations. |
| Climate resilience (weather adaptability, environmental toughness, disaster resistance) | The ability of communities and systems to recover from extreme climate events. |
| Biodiversity loss (species extinction, wildlife reduction, ecological imbalance) | The decline in the number and variety of species in an ecosystem. |
| Environmental stewardship (nature guardianship, ecological responsibility, resource management) | The responsible use and protection of the natural world through active care. |
| Greenwashing (false eco-claims, deceptive sustainability, misleading environmentalism) | When companies pretend to be environmentally friendly for marketing purposes. |
| Deforestation (tree removal, forest clearing, woodland destruction) | The cutting down of trees, often leading to environmental damage. |
| Pollution mitigation (contamination control, emission reduction, waste management) | Actions taken to reduce harmful effects of pollutants on the environment. |
| Renewable resources (sustainable materials, naturally replenished supplies, green energy sources) | Natural resources that can be used repeatedly because they are naturally restored. |
| Carbon neutrality (net-zero emissions, climate balance, eco-equilibrium) | Achieving a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing it from the atmosphere. |
| Overconsumption (excessive use, unsustainable demand, resource depletion) | Using more natural resources than the planet can provide or replace. |
| Waste segregation (trash sorting, recycling division, garbage classification) | Separating different types of waste for proper disposal and recycling. |
| Marine conservation (ocean protection, sea-life safeguarding, aquatic preservation) | Protecting and managing ocean ecosystems and marine species. |
| Urban sprawl (city expansion, uncontrolled urbanization, suburban spread) | The rapid and often unplanned growth of cities into rural areas. |
| Rewilding (nature restoration, habitat renewal, ecosystem reintroduction) | Returning land to its natural state by reintroducing wild species and plants. |
| Sustainable agriculture (eco-farming, green cultivation, organic food production) | Farming that is environmentally friendly and conserves resources. |
| Circular economy (recycling-based economy, zero-waste model, sustainable industry) | An economic system aimed at minimizing waste and making the most of resources. |
| Ecological footprint (planet impact, resource usage level, environmental strain) | The amount of land and resources a person or group needs to support their lifestyle. |
| Resource scarcity (material shortage, supply limitation, natural deficit) | The lack of available natural resources to meet human demands. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Public expenditure (government spending, fiscal outlay, national disbursement) | The money a government spends on services like health, education, or defense. |
| Regulatory framework (legal structure, policy system, legislative setup) | A system of laws and rules used to control activities and protect public interests. |
| Fiscal policy (tax strategy, economic budgeting, revenue planning) | Government decisions about taxation and public spending to influence the economy. |
| Welfare state (social support system, public benefit model, government aid structure) | A system where the government provides essential services like healthcare and pensions. |
| Democratic accountability (citizen oversight, public responsibility, voter scrutiny) | The requirement for politicians and officials to explain and justify their actions to the public. |
| Government subsidy (financial support, public grant, state assistance) | Money given by the government to help reduce the cost of something for the public. |
| Policy implementation (law enforcement, program execution, rule application) | The process of putting government plans or laws into action. |
| Public sector (state-run services, government institutions, civil services) | Organizations and services controlled by the government. |
| Monetary allocation (budget distribution, fund assignment, resource division) | The way a government distributes money to different sectors or departments. |
| Civic engagement (public participation, community involvement, citizen activity) | When people actively take part in politics or social matters in their country. |
| Legislative reform (law amendment, legal change, statute modification) | Changes made to improve or update existing laws. |
| Taxation system (revenue collection model, public finance mechanism, fiscal structure) | The method a government uses to collect money from its citizens and businesses. |
| National infrastructure (country facilities, state framework, foundational systems) | The basic physical systems of a country, like roads, schools, and power supply. |
| Public-private partnership (government-business collaboration, joint investment, shared development) | A project where government and private companies work together to provide services. |
| Bureaucratic inefficiency (administrative delay, government sluggishness, procedural complication) | Delays or problems caused by too many rules or poor organization in government offices. |
| Centralized governance (top-down control, power concentration, unified authority) | When decisions are made by a single national government rather than local ones. |
| Decentralization (local empowerment, regional authority, distributed governance) | Giving more decision-making powers to local or regional governments. |
| Corruption prevention (anti-bribery measures, integrity enforcement, transparency assurance) | Steps taken by the government to stop dishonest or illegal behavior by officials. |
| Public trust (citizen confidence, national faith, societal belief) | How much people believe their government acts fairly and effectively. |
| Constitutional obligation (legal duty, charter commitment, official responsibility) | A task or duty the government must follow as outlined in the country’s constitution. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Extraterrestrial (alien, otherworldly, cosmic) | Something that exists or comes from outside the Earth. |
| Colonization (settlement, occupation, inhabitation) | The act of humans living and setting up communities in a new place like Mars or the Moon. |
| Fiscal allocation (budgeting, funding distribution, public expenditure) | The process of assigning government money to specific sectors like space agencies. |
| Technological frontier (cutting-edge technology, advanced innovation, scientific boundary) | The most recent or advanced area in science or technology. |
| Sustainability (renewability, long-term viability, eco-friendliness) | The ability to maintain or support something over time without causing harm. |
| Public dissent (opposition, protest, disapproval) | When people do not agree with how government resources are being used, such as on space projects. |
| Existential threat (life-threatening danger, global risk, planetary crisis) | Something that can endanger human life or the Earth itself. |
| Resource diversion (fund redirection, reallocation, misplacement of resources) | Moving money or focus away from more urgent public needs like healthcare or education. |
| Geopolitical competition (international rivalry, global race, strategic tension) | Countries competing for dominance or advantage, sometimes through space missions. |
| Astrobiology (space biology, life science in space, extraterrestrial life study) | The study of life in space or on other planets. |
| Ethical quandary (moral dilemma, ethical issue, value-based conflict) | A situation in which it is hard to decide what is right or wrong, such as sending humans to Mars. |
| Scientific justification (rational explanation, empirical support, evidence-based reasoning) | A reason or logic based on science to support actions like building space stations. |
| Prestige project (status symbol, showcase initiative, national pride program) | A big or famous project done more for reputation than real need. |
| Spacefaring nation (space-traveling country, orbital power, cosmic participant) | A country capable of sending equipment or people into space. |
| Long-term viability (future sustainability, ongoing possibility, lasting success) | The ability of a space plan or colony to survive and work for a long time. |
| Opportunity cost (trade-off, alternative sacrifice, cost of choice) | What is lost when choosing space spending over other national needs. |
| Technocratic governance (expert rule, science-based policy, technocrat leadership) | A style of government where scientists or engineers guide decisions like investing in space. |
| Human ingenuity (creativity, innovation, inventiveness) | People’s cleverness in solving complex problems, such as living in space. |
| Planetary stewardship (environmental responsibility, Earth care, ecological management) | The duty to protect and care for Earth while exploring other planets. |
| Scientific renaissance (innovation revival, knowledge explosion, research rebirth) | A new period of fast growth in science, often triggered by large investments like space research. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Cultural preservation (heritage conservation, tradition safeguarding, legacy protection) | The act of keeping art, language, and customs alive for future generations. |
| Artistic integrity (creative authenticity, moral vision, genuine expression) | Remaining true to one’s artistic vision or values without being influenced by trends or money. |
| Linguistic diversity (language variety, multilingual richness, speech pluralism) | The presence of many different languages in a society or the world. |
| State patronage (government support, public sponsorship, official funding) | When the government financially supports arts and cultural activities. |
| Cultural homogenization (global sameness, tradition dilution, uniform culture) | The process where different cultures become similar, often due to global trends or media. |
| Ethnolinguistic identity (cultural-language bond, ethnic speech identity, group heritage) | A person’s sense of belonging based on language and culture. |
| Aesthetic value (beauty significance, artistic worth, visual impact) | The importance of something because it is beautiful or artistically pleasing. |
| Narrative tradition (storytelling legacy, oral history, cultural tale-sharing) | The way stories are passed down through generations in a culture. |
| Cultural commodification (commercialization of culture, profit from tradition, heritage marketing) | Turning culture, art, or language into something to be sold, often losing meaning in the process. |
| Cross-cultural fusion (intercultural blend, cultural mix, hybridization) | When two or more cultures combine and influence each other. |
| Linguistic erosion (language loss, dialect decline, speech extinction) | When a language slowly disappears or is no longer spoken. |
| Cultural literacy (heritage awareness, traditional knowledge, cultural competence) | Understanding and appreciating the beliefs, arts, and traditions of others. |
| Creative autonomy (independent artistry, self-expression freedom, personal direction) | Freedom for artists to create what they want without control from others. |
| Historical resonance (past connection, heritage echo, cultural depth) | When art or culture reflects or connects deeply with past events. |
| Artistic censorship (expression control, media suppression, creativity restriction) | When governments or institutions prevent artists from expressing certain views. |
| Symbolic representation (metaphorical meaning, cultural symbol, emblematic image) | Using art, language, or literature to stand for deeper ideas or traditions. |
| Cultural enrichment (tradition enhancement, heritage improvement, identity deepening) | The act of making society better by including diverse forms of art and culture. |
| Heritage tourism (cultural travel, tradition exploration, historic site visiting) | Traveling to learn about and experience cultural or historical places. |
| Institutional support (organizational backing, official help, structured funding) | When schools, museums, or governments help promote and preserve arts and language. |
| Revivalist movement (tradition comeback, cultural renewal, restoration effort) | Efforts to bring back forgotten or declining aspects of culture, language, or art. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Interpersonal dynamics (social interactions, relational patterns, communication processes) | The ways people behave and interact with each other in relationships. |
| Emotional resilience (psychological strength, mental toughness, coping ability) | The ability to recover quickly from emotional difficulties. |
| Parental involvement (guardian engagement, caregiver participation, family support) | How much parents take part in their children’s lives and education. |
| Attachment theory (bonding concept, emotional connection model, relationship framework) | A psychological idea about how children form emotional bonds with caregivers. |
| Domestic harmony (family peace, household balance, home stability) | A peaceful and cooperative family environment. |
| Conflict resolution (dispute settlement, disagreement management, problem solving) | Ways to solve arguments or fights between people. |
| Generational gap (age difference, cultural divide, generational difference) | The differences in opinions or behaviors between older and younger family members. |
| Socialization process (cultural learning, behavior training, societal integration) | How children learn the values and norms of their society. |
| Parental discipline (child guidance, behavior control, upbringing methods) | How parents teach children right from wrong. |
| Family cohesion (relational closeness, unity, togetherness) | The strength of relationships and unity within a family. |
| Emotional intelligence (empathy, social skills, self-awareness) | The ability to understand and manage your own emotions and those of others. |
| Child psychology (developmental behavior, mental growth, emotional health) | The study of how children think, feel, and behave. |
| Role reversal (status switch, responsibility change, function exchange) | When children take on adult roles or parents become dependent on children. |
| Co-parenting arrangement (shared guardianship, joint parenting, collaborative upbringing) | When separated or divorced parents raise a child together. |
| Family dysfunction (relational problems, domestic issues, household conflict) | Problems within a family that affect its healthy functioning. |
| Attachment insecurity (bonding issues, emotional instability, relationship anxiety) | When someone feels unsure or fearful about close relationships. |
| Nuclear family (immediate family, core family unit, primary household) | A family consisting of parents and their children only. |
| Extended family (relatives network, broader family, kinship group) | A family group that includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. |
| Work-life balance (job-family equilibrium, personal-professional harmony, lifestyle management) | Managing time and energy between work and family. |
| Psychosocial development (emotional and social growth, personality formation, identity building) | How a person grows in emotions and social skills throughout life. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Occupational stress (job pressure, work strain, employment anxiety) | The tension or worry someone feels because of their job. |
| Workplace flexibility (job adaptability, schedule variation, employment elasticity) | The ability to change work hours or location to fit personal needs. |
| Career progression (job advancement, professional growth, promotion path) | Moving forward and improving in one’s job or profession. |
| Remote working (telecommuting, home office, virtual employment) | Doing a job from a location outside the main workplace, often from home. |
| Job satisfaction (work happiness, employment fulfillment, occupational contentment) | How happy and pleased someone feels with their job. |
| Work-life integration (job-life blending, lifestyle harmony, professional-personal balance) | Combining work and personal life smoothly without strict separation. |
| Employee retention (staff keeping, workforce stability, personnel maintenance) | How well a company keeps its workers without them quitting. |
| Burnout syndrome (work exhaustion, job fatigue, occupational collapse) | A state of extreme tiredness and stress caused by too much work. |
| Vocational training (career education, job skill development, professional coaching) | Learning practical skills related to a specific job or career. |
| Workplace culture (office environment, organizational climate, company atmosphere) | The values, behavior, and attitudes shared by people at work. |
| Flexible working hours (adjustable schedule, variable shifts, customizable time) | Work times that can change to suit employee needs. |
| Gig economy (freelance market, temporary jobs sector, contract work) | A job market where people do short-term, flexible work instead of full-time jobs. |
| Professional development (career growth, skill improvement, job training) | Activities that help someone become better at their work. |
| Workplace diversity (job inclusion, employee variety, organizational heterogeneity) | Having people of different backgrounds and characteristics at work. |
| Telework challenges (remote work issues, virtual job difficulties, home office problems) | Problems that arise when working outside a traditional office. |
| Occupational hazards (job risks, work dangers, employment threats) | Things in a job that can cause injury or harm. |
| Job autonomy (work independence, employment freedom, task self-direction) | The ability to control how and when you do your work. |
| Workplace harassment (job bullying, employment mistreatment, office abuse) | Unwanted behavior at work that makes people feel unsafe or uncomfortable. |
| Employee engagement (staff involvement, worker commitment, personnel participation) | How much workers care about and feel connected to their job. |
| Telecommuting infrastructure (remote work systems, virtual office setup, digital workspace) | The tools and technology that support working from outside the office. |
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular endurance (heart stamina, aerobic capacity, cardiac fitness) | The ability of your heart and lungs to work well during long periods of exercise. |
| Nutritional deficiency (dietary lack, vitamin shortage, malnutrition) | Not having enough important nutrients in your body from food. |
| Physical rehabilitation (body therapy, recovery treatment, physiotherapy) | Helping someone get better after injury or illness through exercises and therapy. |
| Metabolic rate (energy burn, calorie use, basal metabolism) | The speed at which your body uses energy. |
| Sportsmanship ethics (fair play, competitive integrity, game honor) | Rules and attitudes about being fair and respectful in sports. |
| Musculoskeletal injuries (bone and muscle damage, physical trauma, orthopedic harm) | Injuries related to bones, muscles, or joints. |
| Exercise adherence (workout consistency, fitness routine maintenance, physical activity commitment) | How well people keep up with their exercise plans. |
| Public health initiatives (community health programs, wellness campaigns, preventive efforts) | Government or group actions to improve health for many people. |
| Anabolic steroids (performance enhancers, muscle builders, illegal supplements) | Drugs some athletes use to build muscle but are harmful and banned. |
| Endorphin release (feel-good hormones, natural painkillers, mood boosters) | Chemicals in the brain that make you feel happy after exercise. |
| Sports infrastructure (athletic facilities, training centers, stadiums) | Buildings and equipment used for sports activities. |
| Dietary guidelines (nutrition advice, food recommendations, healthy eating rules) | Official advice about what to eat for good health. |
| Sedentary lifestyle (inactive habits, sitting behavior, lack of exercise) | Living with very little physical activity. |
| Biomechanics analysis (movement study, physical mechanics, motion science) | Examining how the body moves to improve performance or prevent injury. |
| Mental resilience (psychological toughness, emotional strength, mental endurance) | The ability to keep going and stay strong mentally during challenges. |
| Anti-doping regulations (drug testing rules, substance control, performance enhancer bans) | Laws to stop athletes from using illegal drugs to improve performance. |
| Obesity epidemic (widespread overweight problem, fatness crisis, health obesity surge) | A large number of people being very overweight, causing health problems. |
| Hydration strategies (water intake plans, fluid management, hydration techniques) | Ways to keep the body properly watered, especially during sports. |
| Sports psychology (mental coaching, athlete mindset training, performance psychology) | Helping athletes improve their mental focus and reduce stress. |
| Environmental pollutants (air contaminants, toxins, harmful emissions) | Bad substances in the environment that can cause health problems. |
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